#include<map>
#include<set>
#include<ctime>
#include<queue>
#include<stack>
#include<cmath>
#include<vector>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#define ll long long
#define lb long double
#define mod 1000000007
#define inf 9000000000000000000LL
using namespace std;
ll read()
{
    ll x=0,f=1;char ch=getchar();
    while(ch<'0'||ch>'9'){if(ch=='-')f=-1;ch=getchar();}
    while(ch>='0'&&ch<='9'){x=x*10+ch-'0';ch=getchar();}
    return x*f;
}
int T,n,m;
int bin[35];
int main()
{
    bin[0]=1;for(int i=1;i<=30;i++)bin[i]=bin[i-1]<<1;
    T=read();
    while(T--)
    {
        n=read();m=read();
        int ans=0;
        for(int i=min(30,m);i>=0;i--)
        {
            ans+=n/bin[i];
            n%=bin[i];
        }
        printf("%d\n",ans);
    }
    return 0;
}