/* ***********************************************
Author        :kuangbin
Created Time  :2016/7/23 19:02:28
File Name     :F:\ACM\2016ACM\BestCoder\BC84\A.cpp
************************************************ */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    //freopen("in.txt","r",stdin);
    //freopen("out.txt","w",stdout);
    int n,m;
    int T;
    scanf("%d", &T);
    while(T--) {
        scanf("%d%d", &n,&m);
        int ans = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < m;i++) {
            if (n == 0)break;
            ans += (n&1);
            n >>= 1;
        }
        ans += n;
        printf("%d\n",ans);
    }
    return 0;
}