#include<cstdio>
using namespace std;

int n,m;

void work()
{
    scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
    int l=0,ans=0;
    while(l<m && n>0)
    {
        l++;
        ans+=n&1;
        n/=2;
    }
    ans+=n;
    printf("%d\n",ans);
}

int main(){
    int t;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--)work();
    return 0;
}