#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main(){
    int t;
        cin>>t;
    while(t--){
        int n,m;
        scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
        int now=1<<(m>30?30:m);
        int ans=0;
        while(n){
            ans+=n/now;
            n-=n/now*now;
            now/=2;
        }
        printf("%d\n",ans);
    }
    return 0;
}