#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int fun(int q,int n){
    int ans=0;
    if(n==0) return 0;
    if((1<<q)<=n){
        return (ans+=(n/(1<<q)+fun(q-1,n%(1<<q))));
    }
    else
        return fun(q-1,n);
}
int main(void){
    int T,a,b;
    cin>>T;
    while(T--){
        cin>>a>>b;
        cout<<fun(b<31?b:31,a)<<endl;
    } 
}