#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int t;
    scanf("%d", &t);
    while (t--) {
        int n, m;
        scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
        m = min(m, 29);
        int ans = 0;
        for (int i = m; i >= 0; i--) {
            ans += n / (1 << i);
            n %= (1 << i);
        }
        printf("%d\n", ans);
    }
    return 0;
}