#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
#define pb push_back
#define LL long long
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int T;
    scanf("%d", &T);
    while (T--) {
        int n, m;
        scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
        int cur = 0, t = 2;
        int ans = 0;
        while (n) {
            if (n & (1 << cur)) {
                if (cur <= m)
                    ++ans;
                else {
                    ans += t;
                }
                n ^= (1 << cur);
            }
            if (cur > m)
                t <<= 1;
            ++cur;
        }
        printf("%d\n", ans);
    }
    return 0;
}