#include<cstdio>
#include<cmath>
#include<cstring>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
#define c1(a,b) memset(a,b,sizeof(a))
using namespace std;
#define N 1000000009
#define maxn 100005
int main()
{
    int n,m,t;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--)
    {
        scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
        int x=0,sum=0;
        if(m>31) m=31;
        for(int i=m;i>=0;i--)
        {
            int f=1;
            for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
                f*=2;
            int x=n/f;
            n-=x*f;
            if(x<0)
                break;
            sum+=x;
            if(n<0)
                continue;
            if(n==0)
                break;
        }
        printf("%d\n",sum);
    }
    return 0;
}