#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<algorithm>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    int t,n,m;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--)
    {
        int ans=0;
        scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
        m=min(31,m);
        if(n<(1<<m))
            m--;
        while(n&&m)
        {
            if(n<(1<<m))
            {
                m--;
                continue;
            }
            int k=n/(1<<m);
            ans+=k;
            n-=k*(1<<m);
            m--;
        }
        ans+=n;
        printf("%d\n",ans);
    }
    return 0;
}