#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<cmath>
#include<algorithm>
#define LL long long 
#define INF 0X7FFFFFFF
using namespace std;
int T;
int N,M;
int f[40];
inline void prepare()
{
    f[0]=1;
    for(int i=1;i<=30;i++)
        f[i]=f[i-1]*2;
}
int main()
{
    scanf("%d",&T);
    prepare();
    while(T--)
    {
        LL ret=0;
        scanf("%d%d",&N,&M);
        for(int i=min(M,30);i>=0;i--)
        {
            int p=f[i];
            ret+=N/p;
            N%=p;
        }
        printf("%lld\n",ret);
    }
    return 0;
}