#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
typedef long long LL;
int main()
{
    int T,n,m;
    scanf("%d",&T);
    while(T--)
    {
        scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
        m=min(30,m);
        LL ans=0;
        while(m--)
        {
            ans+=n&1;
            n>>=1;
        }
        ans+=n;
        printf("%I64d\n",ans);
    }
    return 0;
}