#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
long long  two[100];
void biao()
{
    two[0] = 1;
    for(int i = 1 ; i <= 32 ; ++i)
        two[i] = two[i - 1] * 2;
}
int main()
{
    biao();
    int t;
    cin>>t;
    while(t--)
    {
        long long  a,b;
        cin>>a>>b;
        long long ans = 0;
        if(b > 32) b = 32;
        for(int i = b ; i >= 0 ; --i)
        {
            ans += a / two[i];
           a %= two[i];
        }
        cout<<ans<<endl;

    }
    return 0;
}