#include<cstdio>
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<queue>
#include<deque>
#include<set>
#include<map>
#include<ctime>
#define LL long long
#define inf 0x7ffffff
#define pa pair<int,int>
#define pi 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971
using namespace std;
inline LL read()
{
    LL x=0,f=1;char ch=getchar();
    while(ch<'0'||ch>'9'){if(ch=='-')f=-1;ch=getchar();}
    while(ch>='0'&&ch<='9'){x=x*10+ch-'0';ch=getchar();}
    return x*f;
}
inline void write(LL a)
{
    if (a<0){printf("-");a=-a;}
    if (a>=10)write(a/10);
    putchar(a%10+'0');
}
inline void writeln(LL a){write(a);printf("\n");}
int T;
inline void work()
{
    int n=read(),m=read(),ans=0;
    
    if (m<=31&&n>(1<<m))
    {
        ans=n/(1<<m);
        n%=(1<<m);
        while(n)
        {
            if(n&1)ans++;
            n>>=1;
        }
    }else 
    {
        while(n)
        {
            if(n&1)ans++;
            n>>=1;
        }
    }
    cout<<ans<<endl;
}
int main()
{
    scanf("%d",&T);
    while (T--)work();
}