#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int t,n,m;
    cin>>t;
    while(t--){
        scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
        int ans=0;
        for(int i=min(29,m);i>=0;i--){
            if(n>=(1<<i)){
                ans+=n/(1<<i);
                n%=(1<<i);
            }
        }
        printf("%d\n",ans);
    }
    return 0;
}