#include<stdio.h>
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
#include<string>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<set>
#include<map>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#include<bitset>
#include<algorithm>
#include<time.h>
using namespace std;
void fre() { freopen("c://test//input.in", "r", stdin); freopen("c://test//output.out", "w", stdout); }
#define MS(x,y) memset(x,y,sizeof(x))
#define MC(x,y) memcpy(x,y,sizeof(x))
#define MP(x,y) make_pair(x,y)
#define ls o<<1
#define rs o<<1|1
typedef long long LL;
typedef unsigned long long UL;
typedef unsigned int UI;
template <class T1, class T2>inline void gmax(T1 &a, T2 b) { if (b>a)a = b; }
template <class T1, class T2>inline void gmin(T1 &a, T2 b) { if (b<a)a = b; }
const int N = 0, M = 0, Z = 1e9 + 7, ms63 = 0x3f3f3f3f;
template <class T1, class T2>inline void gadd(T1 &a, T2 b) { a+=b; a%=Z; }

int casenum, casei;

int n,m;
void solve()
{
    scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
    int ans = 0,tem;
    gmin(m,30);
    while(n)
    {
        while(n < (1<<m)) m--;
        tem = n/(1<<m);
        ans+=tem;
        n -= tem*(1<<m);
    }
    printf("%d\n",ans);
}
int main()
{
    int T;
    scanf("%d",&T);
    while(T--)solve();
}