#include<cstdio>
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
int a[35];
int main()
{
    int t,i,j,n,m,sum;
    a[0] = 1;
    for(i=1;i<=30;i++)
    {
        a[i]= a[i-1]*2;
    }
    cin>>t;
    while(t --)
    {
        sum = 0;
        scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
        if(m>30)m=30;
        for(i = m;i>=0;i--)
        {
            if(n >=a[i])
            {
                sum +=n/a[i];
                n = n%a[i];
            }
        }
        cout<<sum<<endl;;
    }
    return 0;
}